top tier是怎麼個top法?辛烷值更高，還是調整過配方可以減少積碳。但我猜台灣的兩家大廠，會出來說台灣的油品已經經過最嚴密的品質管控，不會輸給top tier的

回應 airstage（氣噗噗）所寫

 

top tier是怎麼個top法?辛烷值更高，還是調整過配方可以減少積碳。但我猜台灣的兩家大廠，會出來說台灣的油品已經經過最嚴密的品質管控，不會輸給top tier的

 

跟辛烷值無關，我的理解是與＂減少積碳或汙垢＂有關！台灣的兩家大廠就不曉得了，只希望加油站的地下油槽能保持乾淨，減少水分與雜質！以下為TOP TIER™ Detergent Gasoline標準：

TOP TIER™ Detergent Gasoline Deposit Control Performance Standard Revision D - May 2016

1.1 Performance Description.   This document describes the deposit control performance of an unleaded gasoline at the retail level that minimizes deposits on fuel injectors, intake valves, and combustion chambers.

All performance testing must be conducted at an independent, ISO 17025 accredited laboratory.

3. Definitions

3.1 A2LA – the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation

3.2 Independent Laboratory – a mechanical and/or chemical testing organization not associated with the business entity seeking TOP TIER™ Detergent Gasoline status, accredited by the A2LA for technical competence in mechanical and chemical testing in accordance with the latest version of ISO 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories.

4. Standards.

4.1 Retail Gasoline Performance Standards.   The deposit control performance of unleaded gasoline conforming to section 4 of this document shall be met at the retail level in all grades of gasoline sold by a fuel company in all marketing areas of a selected nation. In addition, conformance to the standards shall mean gasoline sold in the selected nation shall not contain metallic additives, including methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT).

4.2 Deposit Control Additive Requirements.   The deposit control additive used to meet the performance Standards described in 4.3 shall meet the substantially similar definition under Section 211(f) of the Clean Air Act. Also, the additive shall be certified to have met the minimum deposit control requirements established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 CFR Part 80. Lastly, the additive shall be registered with the EPA in accordance with 40 CFR Part 79.

4.3 Deposit Control Initial Performance Standard.   All performance testing and fuel composition analysis shall be conducted by an Independent Laboratory. Initial deposit control performance shall be demonstrated using the tests shown below.

4.3.1 Intake Valve Keep Clean Initial Performance Standard.

4.3.1.1 Test Method.   Intake valve deposit (IVD) keep clean performance shall be demonstrated using ASTM D 6201, Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation. Tests demonstrating base fuel minimum deposit level (4.3.1.2) and additive performance (4.3.1.3) shall be conducted using the same engine block and cylinder head. All results shall be derived from operationally valid tests in accordance with the test validation criteria of ASTM D 6201. IVD results shall be reported for individual valves and as an average of all valves.

4.3.1.2 Base Fuel.   The base fuel shall conform to ASTM D 4814 and shall contain commercial fuel grade ethanol conforming to ASTM D 4806. All gasoline blend stocks used to formulate the base fuel shall be representative of normal U.S. refinery operations and shall be derived from conversion units downstream of distillation. Butanes and pentanes are allowed for vapor pressure adjustment. The use of chemical streams is prohibited. The base fuel shall have the following specific properties after the addition of ethanol:

1. Contain nominally 10.0% ± 1% by volume ethanol as measured by ASTM D 4815 or D 5845.
2. Contain no less than 8 volume percent olefins as measured by ASTM D 1319 or D 6729.
3. Contain no less than 28 volume percent aromatics as measured by ASTM D 1319 or D 6729.
4. Contain no more than 80 mg/kg sulfur as measured by ASTM D 2622 or D 5453.
5. Produce a 90% evaporated distillation temperature no less than 290°F as measured by ASTM D86.
6. Produce IVD no less than 500 mg averaged over all intake valves.
7. A Certificate of Analysis showing both the detailed test fuel composition results and source should accompany the additive results package. This certificate should also contain the unwashed and washed gum level of the base fuel according to ASTM D381.

4.3.1.3 Demonstration of Performance.   The base fuel from 4.3.1.2 shall contain enough deposit control additive such that IVD is no more than 50 mg averaged over all intake valves. Results for individual valves and an average shall be reported. The unwashed gum level of the fuel containing deposit control additive shall be determined according to ASTM D 381 and reported.

4.3.2 Combustion Chamber Deposit Initial Performance Standard.  

4.3.2.1 Test Method.  Combustion chamber deposits (CCD) shall be collected and weighed along with IVD using ASTM D 6201, Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation. ASTM D 6201 does not contain a procedure for collecting and measuring CCD. Adapting a scrape and weigh procedure developed by CARB is recommended (see referenced test method dated March 12, 1999). Results for individual cylinders and an average shall be reported.

4.3.2.2 Base Fuel.  Combustion chamber deposits shall be measured for the base fuel from 4.3.1.2.

4.3.2.3 Demonstration of Performance.  The base fuel from 4.3.1.2 treated with additive at the concentration meeting the standard found in 4.3.1.3 shall not result in more than 140% of the average CCD weight for the base fuel without additive.

4.3.3 Intake Valve Sticking Initial Performance Standard.  

4.3.3.1 Test Method.   Intake valve sticking tendency shall be determined using either the 1.9 L Volkswagen engine (Wasserboxer according to CEC F-16-T-96) or the 5.0 L 1990-95 General Motors V-8 engine (SWRI IVS test). Two options are available for demonstrating intake valve sticking tendency.

4.3.3.2 Option 1.   The valve-sticking tendency of the test fuel by itself will not have to be demonstrated prior to testing the candidate additive. The following shall be required of all tests:

1. Test fuel shall be either the same as in 4.3.1.2 or CEC valve sticking reference fuel.
2. Concentration of deposit control additive in the test fuel shall be at least twice the amount determined in 4.3.1.3.
3. Test temperature shall be -20°C.
4. Three 16-hr cold soak cycles, each followed by a compression pressure check, shall constitute a complete test.

4.3.3.2.1 Demonstration of Performance   A pass shall result in no stuck valves during any of the three cold starts. A stuck valve is defined as one in which the cylinder pressure is less than 80% of the normal average cylinder compression pressure.

4.3.3.3 Option 2.  The valve-sticking tendency of the test fuel together with an additive known to cause valve sticking shall be demonstrated prior to testing the candidate additive. The following shall be required of all tests:

1. Test fuel shall be either the same as in 4.3.1.2 or CEC valve sticking test reference fuel.
2. An additive known to cause valve sticking shall be selected, and, when blended into test fuel, shall demonstrate valve sticking tendency as follows: (a) for the Volkswagen engine, at least two valves shall be stuck; (b) for the GM engine, at least three valves shall be stuck.
3. Tests demonstrating performance of the candidate additive shall be conducted at a concentration that is at least three times the amount determined in 4.3.1.3
4. Test temperature shall be -20°C.
5. One 16-hr cold soak cycle followed by a compression pressure check shall constitute a complete test.

4.3.3.3.1 Demonstration of Performance.  A pass shall result in no stuck valves during the cold start. A stuck valve is defined as one in which cylinder compression is less than 80% of the normal average cylinder compression pressure.

5. Process to Attain TOP TIER™ Detergent Gasoline Status.   

5.1 Submission of Test Results.  A fuel company desiring TOP TIER™ Detergent Gasoline status shall forward the test results issued by the Independent Laboratory ("Test Results") to the following address: 

Center for Quality Assurance
Attn: TOP TIER Licensing Program
4800 James Savage Road
Midland, MI 48642 USA

TopTier@CenterForQA.com

5.2 Notification of receipt.  The Test Results shall be reviewed by GM Powertrain and, if deemed acceptable in its sole discretion, the fuel company will be provided a TOP TIER™ License Agreement for their execution. Only upon complete execution of the TOP TIER™ License Agreement by both the fuel company and GM shall the fuel company be entitled to begin use the TOP TIER™ name in connection with the distribution, promotion and sale of their gasoline, pursuant to the terms and conditions of the TOP TIER™ License Agreement.

這兩天有一篇講台塑的，似乎也有提到減少積碳這件事情，不曉得是不是跟添加劑配方有關。地下油槽用久一定會髒，清理成本應該超級高，大概真的只能留意油罐車什麼時候到，避開那前後，才不會用到擾動過有髒東西，或者接近槽底的油

台塑汽油有達到TOP TIER級汽油標準。

引擎積碳黑溜溜　愛車催油又沒力 https://market.ltn.com.tw/article/5743

 2019-03-15 19:03

文／李惠芬

「我的機車跑不太動…」老師傅拿著小罐油精倒入25cc進油箱，「要把積碳『掏』出來啦！」，車主一臉狐疑還是追問：「那ㄟ按呢？」老師傅回答，碳沈積物是燃料燃過程中的「天然」副產品，汽機車要依里程數再找對保養廠好好護愛車。

TOP TIER級汽油積碳比低

在美國AAA汽車協會（American Automobile Association）發表研究報告，發現TOP TIER級汽油可以大幅降低汽門積碳量19.4倍，且自1996年起美國環保署EPA就規定美國各大石油公司須在製油過程加入一定的清潔添加劑配方，以減少用車積碳，並降低排氣污染量。

積碳引擎有五大後遺症

AAA研究引擎積碳會造成五大後遺症，車子抖動、加速後會慢半拍、引擎爆震（引擎有咚咚咚的聲音）、耗油、排氣污染物增多。

能源局規劃每年各加油站2至4次之高頻次品質抽驗，委託工研院進行專業抽驗。加油站油品檢驗車每天攜載NIR快篩儀器，穿梭全國各地之加油站。東、南、西、北、偏遠山區以及離島等近2,500多座加油站，安排隨機的採樣與分析，少有不合格業者被公布。

引擎積碳前後對照。

引擎積碳未列入國家標準規範

在台灣國家標準用油規定，並未納入引擎積碳的標準，中油與台塑的油品，據能源局委託工研院抽檢全台加油站，幾乎全部達標。不過，台塑石化的油外銷到五大洲，須達歐美規範，並加入汽油添加劑以達TOP TIER油級標準，銷往歐美。並自行檢驗與把關每半年實測油品造成積碳數據，須低於30毫克/缸。 

油精去碳劑量要剛剛好

台塑石化也特別叮嚀用車人在車廠保養時，勿聽信技師濫加油精，油精的劑量要恰到好處，「加油精就如同洗衣服，若洗衣精加太多，衣服洗不乾淨，反而殘留在洗衣機中，對衣料及洗衣機並不是好事」若是加台塑石化的油，已摻入適當的油精。該公司認為，這道手續可以免了。

機車行老闆林岳成表示，一般機車油箱滿油狀態，只要加進25cc即可，倘若加了油精還是引擎無力，那就得拆引擎以手工來清碳渣。「那真是大工程，拆引擎的價錢少說要3500元起跳」若是一般國產汽車拆引擎，少說要萬元，進口車就更多了，用車人不能不看緊荷包。 

台塑石化也特別叮嚀用車人在車廠保養時，勿聽信技師濫加油精，油精的劑量要恰到好處。

常開高速道路積碳愈少

用車還是有些要訣，若是長期只在市區內跑，必要時要開開高速道路、省道，也就是時速要拉至70公里以上。據了解，如此一來可以藉由汽油流動與燃燒速度，加速把積碳沖出來。也如何馬桶沖水般，水流大一些可以將陳年舊垢慢慢沖掉。 

根據能源局統計去年全台汽油平均月用量在83萬8231公秉，單是今年1月份國人加汽油量88萬1222公秉，僅次於去年8月的88萬4936公秉，可見得國人使用汽油量仍居高不下，可以多方打聽及嚐試市面上的汽油，讓愛車性能、效能不要每況愈下。

(專輯)

這是無法改變的自然界定律

看到台家塑符合規範，但中油還沒有！